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Elections a. 1832 i. Candidates 1. Democratic – Andrew Jackson 2. National Republican – Henry Clay ii. Issues 1. Revolved around the Second Bank of the United States. iii. Outcome 1. Andrew Jackson b. 1844 i. Candidates 1. Democratic – James Polk 2. Republican – Henry Clay ii. Issues 1. Texas annexation explicitly tied to southern slavery iii. Outcome 1. James Polk c. 1856 i. Candidates 1. Democratic - James Buchanan 2. Republican - John C. Frémont 3. Know Nothing - Millard Fillmore ii. Issues 1. Slavery iii. Outcome 1. James Buchanan d. 1860 i. Candidates 1. Republican – Abraham Lincoln 2. Democratic – John c. Breckinridge 3. Northern Democratic – Stephen Douglas ii. Issues 1. states' rights and slavery in the territories a. Popular sovereignty iii. Outcome 1. Abraham Lincoln e. 1864 i. Candidates 1. National Union Party - Abraham Lincoln 2. Democratic - George B. McClellan ii. Issues 1. The war iii. Outcome 1. Abraham Lincoln Illinois Senate Debates + Election, 1858 - Lincoln challenged Douglas for the US Senate seat in a series of seven debates. Lincoln is tall, simple and straightforward. Douglas, is thick, smart, short and energetic. It was quite a spectacle for everyone.
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a. Lincoln’s Views on Slavery – Slavery is immoral as it is a system based on greed for wealth and power. Although Douglas agrees, he doesn’t agree with the method for ridding of it [popular sovereignty]. b. Douglas’ Freeport Doctrine – Douglas wins with the popular sovereignty ruling and gets the Senate, but Lincoln looks like a great candidate for presidency. John Tyler – Called “his accidency”. His most notable achievement was the Annexation of Texas. American System – a plan purported by President Madison to create a strong, stable economy that would make America self-sufficient a. Establish a protective tariff b. Resurrect the national bank c. Sponsor the development of transportation systems and other internal improvements Manifest Destiny – the United States is bound to push outwards from every side and claim all the land to become a superpower. a. Expansion West – the idea of inevitably moving out west to expand the borders of the United States because it was seen as progress and innovation Mormons – a religious community which played a major role in the settling of the West a. Joseph Smith – the founder of Mormonism. He was jailed and murdered. b. Brigham Young – the new leader of Mormonism, who made thousands of Mormons move west to Salt Lake City, where they settled. 49’ers – term coined to describe the massive rush of people in 1849 to California because of the discovery of gold there. Industrial Revolution – When Jefferson passed the Embargo act and the War of 1812 took place, Americans invested their capital ventures in things besides international trade and shipping; manufacturing goods that they could no longer import. John C Calhoun – a major supporter of state’s rights, nullification, the American System from South Carolina who was Jackson’s Vice President. He hated the tariff of 1828, calling it the Tariff of Abominations Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) –a high tariff on manufactured goods that reduced British exports to the US, forcing the South to buy more expensive Northern goods a. Ordinance of Nullification - suspended the operation of the skyscraper Tariff laws of 1828 within South Carolina (the idea that a state can nullify a federal law it deems unconstitutional) i. States Rights – this Ordinance brought up the issue of states’ rights over the federal law, and was the critical issue in the 1860 election Panic of 1837 – bank closing and collapse of the credit system. This causes the treasury to be established and many Americans to move west. Henry Clay – Part of the War of 1812, Founder and Leader of Whig Party, leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports and railroads a. Missouri Compromise i. Maine is a free state ii. Missouri is a slave state iii. Louisiana Territory was split at 36030’ North Latitude 1. South – Slavery 2. North – Free (except Missouri) Compromise of 1850
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a. Proposed by Henry Clay, main: [John C. Calhoun/Henry Clay vs. Daniel Webster] to settle the argument about slavery i. California remains free. ii. Utah/Mexico get popular sovereignty to decide slave laws iii. Texas-Mexico border is resolved [Texas paid $10,000,000 via federal government] iv. D.C. bans slave trading, but not slavery itself. v. Tougher fugitive slave laws. Reform Movement – a social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society rather than rapid or fundamental change a. Seneca Falls Convention – first womens rights convention. The Declaration of Sentiments was made after the declaration of independence, except it included women. i. Leaders 1. Lucretia Coffin Mott 2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton ii. Supporters 1. Susan Brownwell Anthony 2. Dorothea Dix 3. Horace Mann iii. Women’s Roles in 1820’s-1860’s (Women’s Rights) Underground Railroad – secret network which slaves used to escape slavery a. Harriet Tubman – most famous conductor of it. Born a slave in 1820/1. Became very strong, escaped her owner in 1849. Bounty on her head was $40,000. She never let herself or her people get captured. Was called “moses.” Andrew Jackson a. Bank – wanted a banking system that worked for everyone, not just an “elite circle” of people. b. Specie Circular [coinage act] - required payment for government land to be in gold and silver currency. Done to protect settlers War of 1812 – U.S.-British conflict arising from U.S. grievances over oppressive British maritime practices in the Napoleonic Wars. a. Battle of New Orleans - final major battle of the War of 1812; Decisive American victory; British troops and fleet withdraw from Louisiana Stephen Arnold Douglas – proposed the Kansas Nebraska Act, rivaled with Lincoln, major player in the Compromise of 1850, supported Dred Scott a. Kansas-Nebraska Act - Divide territory into Nebraska north, Kansas south, and give popular sovereignty to the entire region. Caused a lot of debate and towards 1854, people looked west. i. Motives for Proposing Kansas-Nebraska Act 1. Wanted a railroad to be constructed between Chicago and San Francisco as opposed to what southerners wanted, Memphis/New Orleans to San Francisco. 2. Wanted western lands incorporated into the Union. 3. Wanted Popular Sovereignty in Nebraska too. a. Believed popular sovereignty was the democratic way to resolve the slavery issue. Abolitionists – term used to describe people in favor of criminalizing slavery
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William Seward - Secretary of State to Lincoln who purchases Alaska, believes in manifest destiny XXI. Lewis Cass – lost election to Taylor, “founded” popular sovereignty a. Popular Sovereignty – where residents of a region decide the laws for themselves XXII. Abraham Lincoln – Proponent of antislavery, President, led America through Civil War XXIII. Transportation Revolution – the implementation on a large scale of transportation technologies which revolutionized the United States and moved along Manifest Destiny a. Canals i. DeWitt Clinton - New York’s governor. He celebrated the completion of the Erie Canal by pouring a keg of water into the stream. 1. Eerie Canal - The canal went for 363 miles from Albany, New York, to Lake Erie. b. Steamboats – good for c. Railroads – key in transportation; especially for supplies during the civil war d. Clipper Ships e. Era of Good Feelings - The term coined to describe the progression of the United States, especially with the construction of a transportation network. XXIV. Texas Settlement a. Stephen Austin – Took 300 families, and moved to Texas as an empresario, known as “the father of Texas” and its founder XXV. Texas Revolution [Texas War of Independence] – Texas versus Mexico. Santa Anna is eventually captured, and under the treaty of Velasco, Texas gets independence for Santa Anna’s life. a. Lone Star Republic – the nickname of the now independent Texas XXVI. Sam Houston – the rebel Commander of the Alamo, 1st and 3rd President of Texas. XXVII. Andrew Johnson - Very pro-Abolition president, who was tried for impeachment on 11 charges. Also, no one likes him because he switched parties. First president to be impeached. XXVIII. Zachary Taylor – A Mexican war hero and US President in 1848. He died 10 months into his term due to acute gastroenteritis XXIX. Mexican-American War – When Texas secedes from Mexico, Mexico is angry and attacks them. Southern Democrats believing in manifest destiny support it. a. Spots Resolution - Lincoln’s solution which proposed that they certify the spot of the Fremont Expedition Skirmish. b. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico agrees to the Rio Grande border for Texas and cedes. i. Mexican Cession – Mexico gives New Mexico and California to the US for 15,000,000 dollars. Guaranteed Mexicans freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections and open borders. XXX. Bear Flag Republic - Led by Fremont, who was ordered by Polk, troops captured California and hoisted the bear flag. Kearney also helps, and a navy led by Commodore John D. Sloat. The Mexicans retreated, California is acquired. XXXI. Gag Rule – a rule that limits the topics of discussion in an law-making body. John C. Calhoun attempted to implement one, but failed. XXXII. Free Soilers - [1848] opposed slavery in the West, chose Martin Van Buren (former Democratic President). 10% of the people voted for their antislavery views, showing that some Northerners opposed the extension of slavery to the West.
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XXXIII. Know-Nothing Party – [1854] A secretive group, the American Party was renamed this, and they edged towards the Republican Party. Believed in Nativism, where natives are favored over immigrants. XXXIV. Republican Party and its Platform, 1860 XXXV. Democratic Party splits 1860 a. Reason - Douglas won the nomination but a breakaway southern faction nominated their own candidate, Vice President John C. Breckinridge. XXXVI. Uncle Tom’s Cabin – a very melodramatic novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe about slavery which sold more than 1,000,000 copies and stirred people XXXVII. Dred Scott - a Slave brought into free lands, thought he was free, then went back to a slave state and became a slave again. He was pissed. a. Roger Taney – The Supreme Court Justice of the time. [~1857] i. Dred Scott vs Stanford – Scott sued his owner, but it was rules that slaves were not citizens and they don’t have right to trial. For the first time, they declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. [next is Marbury v. Madison of 1803.] XXXVIII. John Brown - antislavery fanatic who believed that God told him to fight slavery. Mistakenly believing that in the Sack of Lawrence 5 men died, he attacked the proslavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. a. Bleeding Kansas - Result of the Pottawatomie massacre. Kansas becomes a violent battlefield of mini-civil war XXXIX. Compromise 1877 – informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election. Rutherford B. Hayes gets the White House over Samuel J. Tilden. I. CIVIL WAR Union a. Strategies i. Blockade b. Aims i. Ban Slavery c. Advantages i. Population (24 states) ii. Manufacturing iii. Agriculture – Food Crops iv. Natural Resources – Coal/Steel/Iron v. Money vi. Transportation vii. Control of the Navy Confederate a. Strategies b. Aims i. Form an independent country with slavery c. Advantages i. 11 States (9 million, 3½ mill slaves) ii. Defensive (know the area) iii. Fight for independence iv. West Point (Robert E Lee) v. Used to the outdoors [riding horses, the heat, humidity]
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vi. Cotton Was King [for 1-2 yrs] 1. English back off CSA after the emancipation Robert Edward Lee – Confederate West Point commander a. Notable battles - Seven Days Battles, the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Fredericksburg, and the Battle of Chancellorsville, but both of his campaigns to invade the North ended in failure Ulysses Grant – Union West Point commander Contrabands – black slave who, during the Civil War, escaped to or was brought within the Union line Bounty Jumpers - Men who volunteer to go in someone’s stead for a cash reward and ten jump to another town and draft-dodge; pocket $1000 and move on Blockade Runners - any fast-sailing ship used to penetrate a naval blockade of a harbor Gettysburg – Southern invasion of the North that was ended and turned around the War Fort Sumter – the first Battle of the Civil War; it was bombarded and surrendered to the Confederates Vicksburg – Union Victory which secured the Mississippi and prepared the Union for invasion of Deep South Border States - Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri; The Union has the Ohio River William Tecumseh Sherman a. March to the Sea – from November 15 to December 22, 1864, William Tecumseh Sherman marches to Savannah, Georgia, destroying everything in his path. John Wilkes Booth – Stage actor who shot President Lincoln in the head at the Ford’s Theatre. Emancipation Proclamation – Lincoln’s declaration freeing all confederate slaves Jefferson Davis – unanimously chosen as the President of the CSA Radical Republicans - They supported abolition, and now want african-american rights. They want to destroy the power of slave owners and give African Americans the right to vote, and full citizenship. Black Codes - local, unwritten discriminatory laws against blacks Amendments a. 13th Amendment – Banned all forms of slavery within the United States. b. 14th Amendment – Known as the “Equal Rights Amendment”, provided constitutional basis for Civil Rights Act. All people born or naturalized had citizenship and had equal protections and liberties. It doesn’t mention women though. c. 15th Amendment – Called the “last civil war amendment,” it prevented “voting discrimination” based on race, color, creed (religion) or previous condition of servitude. The radicals pushed for it. However, it never mentioned gender. Conscription – drafting of soldiers into the war Copperhead – Northern Democrat who opposed the Union's war policy and favored a negotiated peace KKK – formed as a social club in Tennessee in 1866 by 6 confederates, this racist group wanted to destroy the Republican party and suppress blacks